If this "pop" is not felt, continue to insert the needle, aspirating as you inject, until the needle contacts bone. Donor-site morbidity was minimal and no functional impairment in daily-life activities was reported. In one study, the effects of corticosteroid injections lasted up to four months. A 63-year-old woman presented with triggering of her left index, middle, and ring fingers unresponsive to steroid injections. Search items included ("epinephrine OR adrenaline") AND ("Digit" OR "Finger" OR "Thumb") AND ("Injury" OR "Accidental"). Digital AAI injury causes painful ischaemia that can lead to necrosis and patient anxiety. A cortisone flare, sometimes called a “steroid flare,” is a side effect of a cortisone injection. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Mean tourniquet related pain was 2.9 out of 10 for high arm pneumatic tourniquets and 2.3 out of 10 for forearm pneumatic tourniquets. Connect by text or video with a U.S. board-certified doctor now — wait time is less than 1 minute! These injections, which are usually given at a doctor's office, usually contain a corticosteroid and some local anesthetic. Hi, a Dr. recommended me to get 'lidocaine to the nerve';which I understood to be an injection for pain to the right testicle.Is this safe and needed? Median times-to-failure for second and third injections were 371 and 407 days, respectively. Thumb injection is indicated for the treatment of de Quervain tenosynovitis. Lidocaine (Injection Route) Print. Thirty-day postoperative complications were collected and categorized into medical complications, surgical site complications, and readmission. e133-e138, The Journal of Hand Surgery, Volume 40, Issue 11, 2015, pp. Symptoms resolved much quicker when phentolamine was infiltrated into the site of injury compared to being infiltrated as a digital block. The most common reason for immediate pain relief is that most physicians will mix an anesthetic medication, such as lidocaine or marcaine, with the cortisone injection. report. I went to the doctor and found out that I have to get two injections of lidocaine in my thumb (one on each side) to numb it so they can lift my nail up to get the splinter out. Cortisone injections help reduce inflammation and relieve pain in an area of the body, such as the joints (ankle, elbow, knee, shoulder, hip, spine or wrist). All surgeons who use epinephrine in the finger should be prepared to reverse vasoconstriction with phentolamine rescue if there is persistently inadequate perfusion of the fingertip. Thirty-nine percent (24 of 62) of third injections resulted in long-term success, with 22 receiving an additional injection, and 23 ultimately undergoing surgery. 2020, Praticien en Anesthesie Reanimation, The Journal of Hand Surgery, Volume 42, Issue 2, 2017, pp. Mark the injection site with the pen tip in order to leave an impression in the skin. Radiological abnormalities, according to the Herzberg classification, were 5 type A1 cases, 7 type B, 16 type B1, and 2 type C. The mean flexion–extension arc, radial–ulnar abduction arc, and pronation–supination arc were, respectively, 68%, 67%, and 80%, relative to the contralateral side. Even though a skilled microsurgical technique is required for the dissection of the perforator, its constant vascular anatomy and the low risk of damage to the main neurovascular bundle should make this flap reliable for the majority of hand surgeons. If you get kind of squeamish towards needles or blood, I advise you to not watch this. 0. Corticosteroid injections. 3 hrs ago, I got stitches on the knuckle of my thumb. In the treatment of tenosynovitis and tendinitis, care should be taken to inject Depo-Medrone with Lidocaine into the tendon sheath rather than into the substance of the tendon. There were 14 cases of perilunate dislocation and 16 cases of perilunate fracture-dislocation (including 13 transscaphoid perilunate fracture-dislocations). The rats were euthanized after 7 days and the viable area of the flap was compared between the groups using a digital imaging and computer software. One group will receive BTX-A injections, the second group will receive triamcinolone plus lidocaine injections, and the third group will receive saline plus lidocaine injections of the thumb CMC joint. This report describes the case of a patient with a squamous cell carcinoma of the thumb that required circumferential resection of the soft tissue of the distal phalanx and the interphalangeal joint. For the corticosteroid group, after 2 monthly saline placebo injections, a single dose of 40 mg methylprednisolone acetate (0.5 ml) mixed with 0.5 ml of 2% lidocaine was injected. Digital block is one of the most common nerve block techniques. Indications for carpal tunnel syndrome injection include median nerve compression resulting from o… Previous Periprocedure References. 128-134, The Journal of Hand Surgery, Volume 43, Issue 8, 2018, pp. Dr. William Jenkins answered. Description and Brand Names; Before Using; Proper Use; Precautions; Side Effects; Products and services. In this section I will present the options that include Platelet Rich Plasma injections and stem cell therapy injections. 2191-2197, Digital Necrosis After Lidocaine and Epinephrine Injection in the Flexor Tendon Sheath Without Phentolamine Rescue. Always start with informed consent from the patient, and then a time-out to verify correct patient and injection site. Lidocaine hydrochloride injection, USP contains lidocaine hydrochloride, which is chemically designated as acetamide, 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-, monohydrochloride and has the molecular weight 270.8. For the dextrose (DX) group, 0.5 ml of 20% DX was mixed with 0.5 ml of 2% lidocaine and the injection was repeated monthly for 3 months. Use of lidocaine with adrenaline in hand surgery, at a concentration of 1:100,000 or less, was shown to be a safe technique for local anesthesia, without complications relating to necrosis or systemic absorption. PRP injection can help rebuild the thumb joint. Generalized Weakness 5. This article discusses the practical issues of implementing OBS with WALANT including clinical setup and workflows for OBS, negotiating payor contracts, and managing liability. The patient developed gangrene on the lateral aspect of the right index finger, which was managed conservatively. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. save. Phentolamine rescue was not performed. Cortisone shots are injections that can help relieve pain and inflammation in a specific area of your body. A high arm pneumatic tourniquet was used in 73 patients and a forearm pneumatic tourniquet was used in 23. This thread is archived. Unless absolutely necessary, do not drive after receiving lidocaine injection. The ability of a single injection of steroid and lidocaine to bring about cure of primary trigger finger was determined and compared with a control placebo injection of only lidocaine. There are numerous advantages to restoring the patient’s own extruded bone segment to its original location, particularly when the bone segment is of structural importance. WALANT est l’acronyme de Wide Awake Local Anesthesia and No Tourniquet. It treats severe joint pain caused by different types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis. Withdraw the needle two to five millimeters and inject 2 to 3 ml of anesthesia. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with the development of carpal tunnel syndrome, Dupuytren disease, trigger digits, and limited joint mobility. Each lidocaine hydochloride 1% vial slowly reduces the of pain signals to the brain and eventually numbs the area you’re targeting. 4 Injections That Could Ease Your Joint Pain. Who can do it succesfully? All surgeons who use epinephrine in the finger should be prepared to reverse, with phentolamine rescue if there is persistently inadequate perfusion of the, Reimplantation of a Large Extruded Segment of Bone in an Open Fracture, Insulin Dependence Is Associated With Increased Risk of Complications After Upper Extremity Surgery in Diabetic Patients, The effects of epinephrine and dobutamine on skin flap viability in rats: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, Long-Term Effectiveness of Repeat Corticosteroid Injections for Trigger Finger, Thumb Reconstruction With Thin Proximal Ulnar Perforator Free Flap, Results of Perilunate Dislocations and Perilunate Fracture Dislocations With a Minimum 15-Year Follow-Up. 227-235, The Journal of Hand Surgery, Volume 42, Issue 2, 2017, pp. The proximal ulnar perforator flap represents an interesting solution without the drawbacks of other more widespread free flaps. For the dextrose (DX) group, 0.5 ml of 20% DX was mixed with 0.5 ml of 2% lidocaine and the injection was repeated monthly for 3 months. Few studies, however, differentiate between insulin-dependent (IDDM) and non–insulin-dependent (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus. lidocaine hydochloride Features: Sterile; 200mg / 20mL vial (10mg / mL) Have the patient move their thumb around a few times while you throw away supplies. Injections into the palm of the hand and sole of the foot are especially painful. This video is unavailable. Thus, it appears safe to coadminister corticosteroids and lidocaine, with the caveat that other LAs have not been formally assessed. Corticosteroids are not the same as anabolic steroids.. Hydrocortisone injections are used to treat swollen or painful joints, such as after an injury or in arthritis.. Patients rated their experience with LA-T favorably and 95 of 96 patients (99%) reported that they would choose LA-T again for an equivalent procedure. A comparison of PRP to cortisone . Contraindications for thumb injection include local infection and allergy to the chosen anesthetic or corticosteroid. Contraindications for thumb injection include local infection and allergy to the chosen anesthetic or corticosteroid. Lidocaine (Injection Route) Print. The initial injection will cause burning and some pain prior to the anesthetic effect taking effect. Tourniquet times were recorded. In this article, the injection procedures for carpal tunnel syndrome, de Quervain's tenosynovitis, osteoarthritis of the first carpometacarpal joint, wrist ganglion cysts, and digital flexor tenosynovitis (trigger finger) are reviewed. Watch Queue Queue Lidocaine hydrochloride (C14H22N2O • HCl) has the following structur… Nervousness It is now very numb, unable to bend, & turning purple. There was no significant difference in complication rates between patients with NIDDM and nondiabetic patients. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Drug information provided by: IBM Micromedex. In the first case, a 15-year-old boy presented with a cold pale right thumb after the accidental injection of adrenaline (0.3 mg of 1:1000 solution) from an EpiPen that had accidentally discharged. Doctor insights on: Lidocaine For Injection Share Share Follow @HealthTap Embed Dr. Amrit Singh Dr. Singh 1 doctor agreed: 1 1 Six months post-op I have post-thoracotomy strong pain. I want personal experiences about the lidocaine injections and also I want to know about anything else that might hurt while getting the splinter out. Animals were randomized to receive an intraperitoneal injection of epinephrine 0.1 mg/kg, dobutamine 0.3 mg/kg, or saline (0.5 ml). Trigger point injection (TPI) may be an option for treating pain in some patients. Patients with IDDM had a 5.7% overall complication rate compared with 2.3% and 1.5% in NIDDM and nondiabetic patients, respectively. Fast Heartbeat 4. Twenty-four patients were randomized to the therapeutic or control group and were followed prospectively. If experienced, these tend to have a Less Severe expression 1. Mean tourniquet time was 9.6 minutes and only 1 patient had a tourniquet inflated for more than 20 minutes. Patients without either documented failure or a return office visit in 2015 or 2016 were surveyed by telephone to determine if they had required subsequent treatment. There are more references available in the full text version of this article. If both CMC joints are symptomatic, the most symptomatic joint will be injected. Drug information provided by: IBM Micromedex. could getting lidocaine injections into both sides of your thumb hurt? De rares contre-indications doivent être connues et respectées. There is no conclusive evidence regarding the best decontamination protocol for the safest use of the recovered bone segment as an autologous graft. Heart Throbbing Or Pounding 7. Previous Periprocedure References. She had previously undergone successful release of the flexor tendon sheath in her left thumb and little finger for triggering using lidocaine and epinephrine local anesthesia without adverse outcome. Hey y'all! We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Hand surgeons should be aware of AAI injuries and be able to advise on their management. Avoid eating or chewing within 1 hour after lidocaine injection is used to numb your mouth or throat. Clean the skin thoroughly with as many alcohol swabs as needed (usually only 1-2 are needed). Intraoperative intraperitoneal injection of dobutamine improves skin flap survival in rats, whereas intraperitoneal epinephrine tends to decrease skin flap survival. Success curves did not differ significantly according to any patient or disease factor. The injections usually contain a corticosteroid medication and a local anesthetic. Patient position: Perform lying supine or seated with the hand supinated. This retrospective case series analyzed 292 repeat corticosteroid injections for trigger fingers administered by hand surgeons at a single tertiary center between January 2010 and January 2013. HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and for analytics and advertising purposes. Ninety-six consecutive patients undergoing short hand procedures using only local anesthesia and a tourniquet (LA-T) were assessed before and after surgery. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Clean the skin thoroughly with as many alcohol swabs as needed (usually only 1-2 are needed). A 15 year old boy punctured his left thumb while experimenting with an auto-injecting device that he found in a nearby garden. Side Effects. The procedure was carried out with 2 to 3 mL of 1% lidocaine (Xylocaine) with 1:100,000 epinephrine injected into each of the second, third, and fourth flexor sheaths and subcutaneous fat between the distal palmar crease and the palmar-digital crease of the hand. This will give the local anaesthetic some time to start working. Trigger points may irritate the nerves around them and cause referred pain, or pain that is felt in another part of the body. 1 doctor answer. Nearly all of the 48 reported cases of finger necrosis attributable to procaine local anesthesia occurred before 1950, with most implicating procaine injected without epinephrine.1 Procaine is quite acidic, with a pH of 3.6, and it further acidifies to a pH as low as 1 with prolonged storage; this acidity, not the additio… Purpose: To compare the corticosteroid injection (CSI) with or without thumb spica cast (TSC) for de Quervain tendinitis. Hand function may be hampered by osteoarthritis inthe first carpometacarpal joint. There is a lack of understanding amongst surgeons regarding how to manage these injuries. Could lidocaine injections in the wrist hurt? In the end, certain cortisone injections will hurt no matter what is done. However, the 2 lowest Mayo wrist scores corresponded to the patients with the most advanced arthritis. When large defects are involved, a free tissue transfer is indicated. Phentolamine was more effective when injected into the AAI puncture site (mean resolution time: 17 min) in comparison to injection as a digital block (74 min).   These local anesthetics can take effect immediately and provide dramatic relief soon after the injection. The nerve lies between the artery and the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon. Pre-filled opaque syringe containing 40 mg (1cc) of depo-medrol combined with 0.5 cc of 1% lidocaine (or 1cc saline + 0.5 cc 1% lidocaine) will be injected in the symptomatic CMC joint using fluoroscopic imaging to ensure injection into the joint. Tourniquet times less than 10 minutes were associated with less pain than tourniquet times greater than 10 minutes (P < .05); however, both groups reported the tourniquet to be on average less painful than the local anesthetic injection. I have had a splinter stuck under my thumbnail for about 6 months now. I have had a splinter stuck under my thumbnail for about 6 months now. Previous Next: Contraindications. Examination findings may include tenderness tocompression and limited range of motion. At the last follow-up, the clinical and functional evaluation was based on the range of motion, grip strength, the Mayo wrist score, the Quick Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand score, and the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation score. Six patients had a complex regional pain syndrome type 1. One hundred eighty-seven patients (64%) were female, 139 patients (48%) had multiple trigger fingers, and 63 patients (22%) were diabetic. Dizziness 3. Sections. Regarding cellular toxicity, 10% povidone-iodine has been found to be the most favorable among the readily available solutions. Although arthritis occurred in 70% of cases, its clinical and functional impact appeared to be low. I want personal experiences about the lidocaine injections and also I want to know about anything else that might hurt while getting the splinter out. Loss Of Skin Color 8. The single-injection modified transthecal digital nerve block is a safe and effective method for digital anesthesia in children. However, some people experience pain after the injection. The mean Mayo wrist score was 70, and the mean Quick Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand and Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation scores were, respectively, 20 and 21. www.MPSurgery.comwww.hand411.comHere is a good little video on how to inject a trigger finger with steroid in the clinic. Surgical complications, medical complications, and readmissions were compared between patients with NIDDM or IDDM to those without DM using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for baseline patient and operative characteristics. Local anesthetic injection was reported to be more painful than pneumatic tourniquet use. Answered on Apr 21, 2014. The flexor carpi ulnaris is the most medial (ulnar) tendon. For people with OA, a cortisone injection may improve pain for several weeks, months, or even longer, especially for OA of the knee or thumb. The idea that epinephrine should never be injected into fingers originated sometime between 1920 and 1940, when procaine was used with and without epinephrine, with resulting reports of finger necrosis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.10.015. Insert a small amount of the solution immediately under the skin and wait 20- 30 seconds. The literature generally supports the safety of epinephrine injection in the digits, but recent case reports describe ischemic adverse events associated with the use of, and subsequent amputation in a patient after 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine was injected in the fat and flexor sheaths in the palm for a 3-finger trigger release. numbed up after a nasty cat bite. Office-based surgery (OBS) with wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) surgery is a safe and cost-effective care model that is convenient for patient and provider alike. Any injection requires a needle, the pain can be minimized using smaller needles, some sedation or analgesics. Hi I have been prescribed lidocaine 2% gel to use before intercourse to help with the pain how much gel should I use and how should I get it in side ? Explain to the patient that the lidocaine will wear off in an hour or so, and that they will be back to their normal pain until the steroids start kicking in (anywhere from 1-7 days). share. On arrival, the puncture mark on the thumb tip was evident, however, there were no signs of impaired peripheral perfusion. … No phentolamine rescue was performed. Mark the injection site with the pen tip in order to leave an impression in the skin. After controlling for differences in patient and surgical characteristics, patients with IDDM had a statistically significant increased rate of any complication, surgical site complications, superficial surgical site infections, and readmission. The incidence is about 1 per 50,000 Epipen ® units [].Up to 16% of tested doctors who read the instructions on the Epipen ® device self-injected the Epipen ® trainer into their thumb. Both studies showed better short-term effects of corticosteroid injection combined with lidocaine compared with lidocaine alone on the treatment success outcome. I went to the doctor and found out that I have to get two injections of lidocaine in my thumb (one on each side) to numb it so they can lift my nail up to get the splinter out. CASE 3. Sign up now . Complex regional pain syndrome appeared to have an impact on long-term outcomes. A 7 year old boy auto-injected his left thumb while playing at home with his own EpiPen. 4.3 Contraindications. Second injections provided long-term treatment success in 39% (111 of 285) of trigger fingers with 86 receiving an additional injection and 108 ultimately undergoing surgical release. We present a case of finger necrosis and subsequent amputation in a patient after 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine was injected in the fat and flexor sheaths in the palm for a 3-finger trigger release. Kaplan-Meier analyses with log-rank testing assessed the median time to treatment failure and the effect of demographic and disease-specific characteristics on injection success rate and predictors of injection outcome (success vs failure) were assessed with multivariable logistic regression. Depending on the severity of your pain, injections can be another option for easing your joint pain and get you moving again. Some containdications have to be known and respected. Cortisone injection side effects seem to be common when they are used as a treatment for arthritis and in high doses. In 58 cases; 52% of cases were managed with phentolamine, 24% were managed with nitroglycerine and 7% were treated with warm soaks. After 12-month follow-up, the patient was satisfied with the aesthetic outcome. To quantify the long-term success of repeat injections for trigger fingers and to identify predictors of treatment outcomes. RESULTS: Mean age (STD) was 63.6 (9.7) years, and mean (STD) visual analog scale (VAS) was 6 (2). He was subsequently discharged. Is there any rule of thumb how much Lidocaine to administer before stitching up a wound? The exposed structures were covered with pliable and texture-matching skin harvested from the proximal volar forearm and based on the proximal ulnar perforator. All rights reserved. 0 thank. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the intraoperative administration of epinephrine and dobutamine on axial-pattern skin flap survival in rats. Mark the injection site with the pen tip in order to leave an impression in the skin — Point of maximal tenderness (on distal, lateral/radial side of radius). Rankin ME, Rankin EA. Lidocaine hydrochloride injection, USP is sterile, nonpyrogenic, aqueous solution that contains a local anesthetic agent and is administered parenterally by injection. This method is convenient, gives a high level of patient satisfaction and is a perfect tool for the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery. Fifty-four Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into three groups (n = 18). The surgery was uneventful. Wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) is an increasingly popular surgical technique. 4 Injections That Could Ease Your Joint Pain. Sections. The rate of accidental injection of epinephrine from autoinjectors has increased worldwide. Patient experience was assessed using a study-specific questionnaire based on previous WALANT studies. Free E-newsletter Subscribe to Housecall. Ruiter et al. No patients received sedation. Intraoperative reduction in arterial pressure may cause hypoperfusion of skin flaps, which may increase the risk of flap failure. Soft tissue defects of the thumb with exposure of tendons, periosteum, or neurovascular bundles require a complex reconstruction aimed at restoring both skin coverage and the essential function of pinching and manipulation. Methods: In this prospective trial, 67 eligible patients with de Quervain tenosynovitis were randomly assigned into CSI + TSC (33 cases) and CSI (34 cases) groups. Due to the absence of a true tendon sheath, the Achilles tendon should not be injected with Depo-Medrone with Lidocaine. We performed a retrospective study that identified 73 patients. 0.3-0.4-ml of 1% lidocaine; Technique / Procedure Steps. Phentolamine is the most effective method of reversing symptoms and treating ischaemic digits when compared to alternative therapies. We aimed to determine an optimal treatment algorithm for their management. In 2014, Ruiter et al10 reported a case of a finger amputation following lidocaine and. Above I presented the studies from the surgeons above the challenges they face providing thumb surgery. hide. Cortisone injections help reduce inflammation and relieve pain in an area of the body, such as the joints (ankle, elbow, knee, shoulder, hip, spine or wrist). These injections were not image guided, ... that corticosteroid crystals do not have any greater propensity to aggregate or change size when mixed with lidocaine solution or iodinated contrast material. For people with OA, a cortisone injection may improve pain for several weeks, months, or even longer, especially for OA of the knee or thumb. Based on limited evidence, corticosteroid injection combined with lidocaine (Xylocaine) was more effective than lidocaine alone for the treatment of trigger finger in adults. Tourniquets for short wide-awake procedures can be used in settings in which preprocedure epinephrine injections are logistically difficult or based on surgeon preference. It allows almost all the hand and wrist surgeries without the need of a Tourniquet but with the ability to perform active intraoperative movements. Free E-newsletter Subscribe to Housecall. Side Effects. Mood Changes Dreamstime. BOSTON — Patients with trigger finger who received an injection of lidocaine with corticosteroid experienced more pain without significant delayed benefits of pain relief compared to a … Replacing an extruded segment of bone in an open fracture imposes a challenging decision concerning the best and safest patient management. Dr. … They're most commonly injected into joints — such as your ankle, elbow, hip, knee, shoulder, spine or wrist. By and large, the injections tend to hurt most when the cortisone is delivered to a small space. Thirty patients agreed to participate and were included. Repeat injections of trigger fingers should be considered in patients who prefer nonsurgical treatment. Ultrasound-guided technique enables targeted infiltration and decreases volumes of local anesthesics needed. To learn more, please visit our. In addition, it is essential to ensure the return of blood flow to the digits before patient discharge.19If persistent ischemia occurs, reversal with phentolamine is recommended.18Finger motion is essential for hand function and may be lost most often from traumatic causes.20. Although most patients ultimately require surgical release, 50% of patients receiving repeat trigger injections realize 1 year or more of symptomatic relief. Patients reported their pain perception using a visual analog scale (0 to 10). However, some people experience pain after the injection. The study cohort included 52,727 patients. Many times, such knots can be felt under the skin. Then, re-mobilize the 1st CMC joint so they can see the immediate results of the lidocaine. This research is being done to compare pain relief and efficacy of trigger finger injection using a combination of lidocaine/corticosteroid versus corticosteroid injection alone versus corticosteroid/saline combination. Description and Brand Names; Before Using; Proper Use; Precautions; Side Effects; Products and services. These findings are important for patient risk stratification and may guide further investigation to decrease complication rates in IDDM patients after upper extremity surgery. Among the different chemical sterilization solutions 10% povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate solutions are the author’s most preferred solutions. Accidental injury to digits with Adrenaline Auto-injectors (AAIs) is becoming increasingly common. Corticosteroids are medicines that can be used to reduce swelling. When the needle is in the flexor tendon sheath, the anesthesia should flow easily. The fingertips were pale on discharge. See INDICATIONS AND USAGE section for specific uses. However, owing to surgeon preference, patient factors, or hospital guidelines, it may not be feasible to inject patients with solutions containing epinephrine the recommended 25 minutes prior to incision. 113-119, The Journal of Hand Surgery, Volume 42, Issue 4, 2017, pp. To evaluate the long-term clinical, functional, and radiological outcomes in 30 patients with at least 15 years of follow-up. La lidocaïne est couramment utilisée pour calmer les douleurs liées aux maux de gorge de faible intensité, aux aphtes et aux petites plaies buccales. Five patients had secondary procedure.
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